![]() when they “violate the sovereignty of another State” or when they “intervene in the internal or external affairs of another State”. In peaceful times, these kinds of cyber-operations might trigger the responsibility of states, to the extent that cyber-operations “constitute a breach of an international legal obligation”, i.e. Additionally, a number of European countries (like Lithuania, Netherlands, Poland, Estonia, Romania and Croatia) are giving technical support to Ukraine under the initiative of the European Union’s Cyber Rapid Response Teams in order to efficiently address cyber-attacks. Two cases worth mentioning are Ukraine's "IT army" - volunteer hacking forces that have been called upon by representatives of the Ukrainian government to join forces against Russian networks - and Anonymous - who declared on Twitter to be “in cyber war” against Russia. ![]() In particular, we see more and more (state-sponsored) hackers who are siding with Ukraine and claiming cyber-operations targeting Russian websites.
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